In 1912 Italian troops took the island over with the rest of the Dodecanese Islands, and established an Italian colony known as "Isole Italiane dell'Egeo" in 1923 ( Italian Islands of the Aegean Sea ).
Mussolini embarked on a program of Italianization, hoping to make Rhodes a modern transportation hub that would serve as a focal point for the spread of Italian culture in the East.

The new Italian buildings reflect the spirit of public administration, and set new benchmarks in the urban landscape. All this public buildings are samples of a colonial policy and are closely linked to the presence of two general governors, equally active, but diametrically opposed in their choices in architecture, Mario Lago (1924-1936) and Cesare Maria De Vechi (1936-1943).

The St. Francisco church.

During the years of the occupation, the Italians using the almost free local labor force, they also carried out an extensive program of restorations.

The fortification walls were consolidated and conserved for their entire length.

They preserved what was left from the Knights' period, and destroyed all Ottoman buildings. They reconstructed the Grand Master's Palace, the Knights' Hospital, and the Filerimos, also the Ottoman additions were removed from the ecclesiastical monuments in the town.

The restoration methods they used are the subject of fierce criticism today. Although they were imposed by the political circumstances of their day, they nevertheless helped to preserve many monuments that would possibly not otherwise have survived to the present.